Fig. 5: Morphological changes of RAW 264.7 macrophages observed through AFM showing inhibition of immunosuppression and maintenance of inflammatory response.

a, b Morphology of a RAW 264.7 cell showing inflammatory state after treatment with 10 ng/mL LPS. As shown in the images, numerous pseudopodia displayed unbridled spreading from the cell body. c, d Morphology of a RAW 264.7 cell cotreated with LPS (10 ng/mL) and IL-10 (10 ng/mL). As shown in the images, IL-10 inhibited the inflammation of LPS-stimulated cells, and the cells became round and plump in shape. e, f RAW 264.7 cells were pretreated with LPS (10 ng/mL) and NK20a (50 μg/mL) for 30 min, followed by exposure to IL-10 (10 ng/mL). As shown in AFM images, NK20a indeed blocked the IL-10 receptor and thus inhibited the immunosuppression caused by IL-10 and maintained cell inflammation.