Fig. 4: Differential neurogenic activities of GM1 and GM1βSph analogs in Neuro2a cells.

a Representative digital images of Neuro2a cells in the control, GM1 analogs, and GM1βSph intermediate groups. b Percentages of control Neuro2a cells (CON), cells treated with GM1 analogs (at a concentration of 25 µM), and cells treated with GM1βSph analogs (25 µM) bearing neurites, which were defined as outgrowths more than twice the length of the cell body. c The lengths of the longest neurites of CON cells, cells treated with GM1 analogs (25 µM), and cells treated with GM1βSph analogs (25 µM). Neurite lengths were measured morphometrically. Data are presented as the means ± SD of triplicate measurements. GM1 with d18:1 sphingosine were shown in blue or dark blue. GM1 with d20:1 sphingosine were shown in pink or red. GM1βSph analogs were shown by the bar with horizontal lines. Saturated GM1 analogs were labeled by the chart of hollow bar. Unsaturated GM1 analogs are labeled by the bar chart with diagonal line. Significant differences among groups were determined using Newman-Keuls multiple comparison test following one-way ANOVA analysis in GraphPad Prism software. All data are shown as the mean ± SD from three independent experiments. (*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001).