Table 1 Physical properties of the different extrudates
From: Effects of multi-functional additives during foam extrusion of wheat gluten materials
Samples | Density (kg/m3) | Expansion ratio (ER) | Open porosity (%) | Closed porosity (%) | Total porosity (%) | Pore size (µm)1 | DC (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
WG/G solid material | 1290 g | - | - | - | - | - | - |
WG/G | 883 ± 2e | 1.45 ± 0.04d | 1.9 ± 0.1a | 29.7 ± 0.3d | 31.6 ± 0.2b | 65 ± 30a | 0b |
WG/G/ABC | 720 ± 7b | 1.42 ± 0.09d | 7.7 ± 0.5b | 36.4 ± 0.9e | 44.1 ± 0.6d | 215±159ab | 13b |
WG/G/ABC/1GA | 840 ± 20d | 1.21 ± 0.02c | 16.4 ± 2.6d | 18.6 ± 0.7c | 35.0 ± 1.8c | 145±80ab | −8b |
WG/G/ABC/5GA | 820 ± 20cd | 1.24 ± 0.02c | 20.0 ± 2.2d | 16.7 ± 1.1b | 36.7 ± 1.8c | 190±100ab | −121a |
WG/G/ABC/1CA | 641 ± 6a | 1.46 ± 0.07d | 10.9 ± 1.4c | 39.3 ± 1.8f | 50.2 ± 0.5f | 195±116ab | − 2b |
WG/G/ABC/5CA | 650 ± 3a | 1.60 ± 0.03e | 7.5 ± 0.4b | 41.9 ± 0.4g | 49.4 ± 0.2e | 183 ± 69b | − 3b |
WG/G/ABC/1GNP | 950 ± 40f | 1.00 ± 0.05b | 11.8 ± 3.5cd | 14.3 ± 1.4b | 26.1 ± 2.9a | 190±108ab | - |
WG/G/ABC/5GNP | 804 ± 10c | 0.86 ± 0.01a | 26.5 ± 1.8e | 11.0 ± 1.3a | 37.5 ± 1.1c | 154 ± 55b | - |