Table 1 Physical properties of the different extrudates

From: Effects of multi-functional additives during foam extrusion of wheat gluten materials

Samples

Density (kg/m3)

Expansion ratio (ER)

Open porosity (%)

Closed porosity (%)

Total porosity (%)

Pore size (µm)1

DC (%)

WG/G solid material

1290 g

        -

      -

        -

        -

     -   

     -   

WG/G

883 ± 2e

1.45 ± 0.04d

1.9 ± 0.1a

29.7 ± 0.3d

31.6 ± 0.2b

65 ± 30a

   0b

WG/G/ABC

720 ± 7b

1.42 ± 0.09d

7.7 ± 0.5b

36.4 ± 0.9e

44.1 ± 0.6d

215±159ab

  13b

WG/G/ABC/1GA

840 ± 20d

1.21 ± 0.02c

16.4 ± 2.6d

18.6 ± 0.7c

35.0 ± 1.8c

145±80ab

−8b

WG/G/ABC/5GA

820 ± 20cd

1.24 ± 0.02c

20.0 ± 2.2d

16.7 ± 1.1b

36.7 ± 1.8c

190±100ab

−121a

WG/G/ABC/1CA

641 ± 6a

1.46 ± 0.07d

10.9 ± 1.4c

39.3 ± 1.8f

50.2 ± 0.5f

195±116ab

− 2b

WG/G/ABC/5CA

650 ± 3a

1.60 ± 0.03e

7.5 ± 0.4b

41.9 ± 0.4g

49.4 ± 0.2e

183 ± 69b

− 3b

WG/G/ABC/1GNP

950 ± 40f

1.00 ± 0.05b

11.8 ± 3.5cd

14.3 ± 1.4b

26.1 ± 2.9a

190±108ab

         -

WG/G/ABC/5GNP

804 ± 10c

0.86 ± 0.01a

26.5 ± 1.8e

11.0 ± 1.3a

37.5 ± 1.1c

154 ± 55b

         -

  1. DC: Degree of cross-linking of the different foams at 70 °C. The DC values were normalized to that of the WG/G reference. Note: Different letters (a–g) mean that the values are significantly different (P < 0.05) in each column. Supplementary Fig. S4 shows the distribution of the pore sizes associated with the standard deviations presented here.
  2. 1The pore size distribution was obtained from measurements based on SEM images; values and standard deviations (±1 standard deviation) were based on a minimum of 50 measurements on each sample.