Fig. 1: Examples of autoclave reactor systems. | Communications Chemistry

Fig. 1: Examples of autoclave reactor systems.

From: Autoclave reactor synthesis of upconversion nanoparticles, unreported variables, and safety considerations

Fig. 1

a A screw-thread Berghoff Digestec DAB autoclave reactor (photo courtesy of Dr Juliane Simmchen). b An assembled Asynt PressureSyn high-safety autoclave reactor and hotplate heating block situated on a hotplate stirrer within a fume hood. Labelled components: (i) temperature probe and heating controller. (ii) pressure gauge. (iii) pressure release valve. (iv) emergency over-pressure burst valve. (v) clamp key valve. (vi) clamp release mechanism which can only be released using the clamp key valve. (vii) heating block to ensure uniform heating. (viii) hotplate/stirrer for heating. c A PressureSyn PTFE liner, which was deformed due to the following process: (1) some liquid was erroneously left between the liner and metal autoclave, (2) this caused inefficient heating of the reaction mixture, resulting in the heating control system to apply a consistently elevated heating temperature, (3) resulting in excessive heating of the liquid, (4) elevating temperatures to a point where the PTFE softened and deformed, resulting in deformation of the bottom of the liner.

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