Fig. 1

Schematic illustration of the different components in deuteron-induced reaction. a Complete fusion, where deuteron interacts with a colliding nucleus as a whole set. b Incomplete fusion (of breakup proton as an example), where deuteron is broken up, and proton is absorbed and neutron is emitted. c Elastic breakup, where deuteron disintegrates into proton and neutron while the breakup nucleons have no interactions or elastically interact with the colliding nucleus. In both (a) and (b), an excited compound nucleus is formed after absorption, and thus, other nuclei can be produced from the statistical decay of compound states by emission of γ rays, neutron (n), proton (p), alpha (α), and/or other light particles. In (c), the colliding nucleus remains unexcited and thus has no contribution to the production of other nuclei