Fig. 4

Schematics of the mechanisms of charge transfer (CT) between MoS2/substrate and F6TCNNQ. a Direct CT (MoS2/sapphire, 2D transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDC)/insulator), b indirect CT (MoS2/highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG), 2D TMDC/weakly interacting conductor), and c orbital hybridization with CT (MoS2/Au, 2D TMDC/strongly interacting conductor). Corresponding energy level diagrams for d F6TCNNQ/ML-MoS2/sapphire, e F6TCNNQ/ML-MoS2/HOPG, and f F6TCNNQ/ML-MoS2/Au. The solid and dashed lines indicate the levels before and after F6TCNNQ adsorption, respectively. The blue and red lines denote the occupied and unoccupied states, respectively. All the values are given in electron volts (eV)