Fig. 3: Evolution passages of dynamic states in time domain.

Complex expectation value 〈H〉 as a function of passage time t for different evolution-time constant T. Encircling-direction and initial-state conditions for each panel are (a) anticlockwise encircling from | ψ(0)〉 = |s〉, (b) clockwise encircling from |ψ(0)〉 = |a〉, (c) anticlockwise encircling from |ψ(0)〉 = |a〉, and (d) clockwise encircling from | ψ(0)〉 = |s〉. Colors of the expectation-value 〈H〉 passage curves indicate corresponding evolution-time constant T values in a 2-to-50-ms range as represented by the horizontal color-density bar above panel a. Gray curves in each panel indicate reference passages if a state follows the exact instantaneous eigenstates, i.e., adiabatic states, along the EEP loop. Light-gray arrow on the bottom of panel indicates the evolution-time direction.