Fig. 1: Detecting the slow photoelectrons.
From: Work function seen with sub-meV precision through laser photoemission
a Slow photoelectrons seen via photoemission spectroscopy (PES) and angle-resolved PES (ARPES). θ is the emission angle. When integrated over a certain emission anglular cone about the normal emission (θ = 0°), the spectrum becomes sloped. b The ARPES setup equipped with a fibre-laser source and a helium lamp. Au(111) is held at 30 K unless described otherwise. The sample and entrance of the e-lens are electrically connected to the common ground. c Shockley state of sample 1 seen with helium-lamp ARPES. The state is dispersing in the plane spanned by the photoelectron energy EPE − EF and θ, where EPE and EF are the photoelectron energy level and Fermi level, respectively.
