Fig. 2: Discrepancy of the fitted particle trajectory.

a The distribution of the three-dimensional Euclidean distance between the actual elementary particle position and the corresponding fitted node predicted by the transformer, the recurrent neural network (RNN), and the sequential importance resampling particle filter (SIR-PF, with only track hits and all hits as input). The sample used to generate the histograms contains all the simulated particles. Results show the distributions for a log-scale density, as well as the one-sided area ranges, representing 68 and 95% of the distributions. b Same results for a standard-scale density and a maximum distance cropped at 5 mm.