Fig. 3: Amplitude and phase information of an experimentally generated phase hopfions. | Communications Physics

Fig. 3: Amplitude and phase information of an experimentally generated phase hopfions.

From: Toroidal phase topologies within paraxial laser beams

Fig. 3

a Amplitude and b, phase profiles of the beam in the transverse (x-y) and longitudinal (x-z) planes. The directional arrows also indicate the beam sizes, which represent 0.4 mm in x, y direction and 80 mm in z direction. Insets show the corresponding simulated profiles. c 3D amplitude isosurfaces of the phase hopfions in different views, the isovalues of the three surfaces are 0.13, 0.08, and 0.03 respectively. d The colored curves denote 3D phase fibers on the torus surface, the phase interval is π/3, and the black ring marks the trajectory of the paraxial toroidal vortices. Insets show the Hopf link formed by two phase fibers.

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