Fig. 5: Effect of applied bias voltage onĀ Fermi levelĀ position.

Voltage dependence of Fermi level of a MAPbBr3 and b MAPbI3, in the dark (EF,dark) and under illumination (EF,light). The solid red line represents model of Fermi level energy (EF,m).Ā The thermodynamic Fermi level positions in the dark (EF0,dark) and under illumination (EF0,light) are indicated by black arrows.