Fig. 1: Affordability of a healthy diet by food system typology in 2018.

Data on the affordability of a healthy diet are from refs. ^11,13. The healthy reference diet is defined by local food-based dietary guidelines in each country. The cost of this diet, measured around the world as the Cost of Recommended Diets (CoRD) using local dietary guidelines, food items and prices, can be compared to incomes to measure the affordability of the diet that meets dietary guidelines in each time and place¹¹. To assess affordability, the CoRD is constructed by the median cost of the healthy diet compared to median incomes under the assumption that 63% of income is spent on food^11,13. In the figure, the industrial and consolidated typology has very few variations with respect to the CoRD, as illustrated by highly clustered country names¹⁰.