Fig. 4: Optimized purification protocol developed for functional analysis of plant-produced HMOs.

a, Workflow of extraction, purification and characterization of HMOs from N. benthamiana leaves. b, Growth curves of HMO-consuming (BLI 15697) and control (BAL 27536) strains in media supplemented with HMO isolated from breast milk (HMO) or HMOs isolated from plants (pHMO). Error bars represent standard deviation.