Extended Data Fig. 3: Model predicted effects of functional richness (FR) on annual crop rotation outputs when forage is used for milk (as Fig. 1 in the main text), but separating rotations with FR 2 into those including and not including ley (2L and 2nL respectively).

Panels refer to calorie (a), carbohydrate (b), protein (c) and fat (d). All rotations with FR 3 include ley and are thus indicated as 3L. Forage crops are assumed to be used for milk production. The statistical models were obtained by fitting the 12,517 whole rotation outputs relative to the 16 long-term experiments (see Supplementary Table 1 for details). Filled symbols are model predictions for five (orange squares), ten (green diamonds), and twenty (blue triangles) years following the implementation of the rotation. Whiskers extend over the 5-95% confidence intervals. Symbols indicating significances refer to contrasts across levels of FR within each time, using FR 1 M at the same time as baseline ( + indicates P< 0.05; ++ P < 0.01; +++ P< 0.001) and across time within each FR level with time 0 at the same FR as baseline (^ indicates P< 0.05; ^^ P< 0.01; ^^^ P< 0.001). Post-hoc tests were two-sided and adjusted for multiplicity using multivariate t-distribution. Note the difference in the y axis scale among plots.