Table 1 Effect of functional richness (FR) and time from rotation implementation on calorie and macronutrient outputs, when forage is used for milk production

\({\beta }_{0}\)

Intercept

Gcal ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ or kg ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹

3.3

0.19

<0.001

47.8

2.26

<0.001

18.9

1.2

<0.001

8.8

1.4

<0.001

\({\beta }_{t}\)

Time

Gcal ha⁻¹ yr⁻² or kg ha⁻¹ yr⁻²

−8.2

2.38

<0.001

−156.0

32.0

<0.001

−43.0

14.2

0.003

19.9

12.9

0.125

\({\beta }_{{t}^{2}}\)

Time²

Gcal ha⁻¹ yr⁻³ or kg ha⁻¹ yr⁻³

10.7

2.40

<0.001

125.0

32.7

<0.001

67.3

14.2

<0.001

64.8

13.3

<0.001

\({\beta }_{{\mathrm{FR}}_{1{\rm{C}}}}\)

FR 1C

Gcal ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ or kg ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹

−0.29

0.02

<0.001

−4.92

0.27

<0.001

−2.3

0.10

<0.001

0.45

0.11

<0.001

\({\beta }_{{\mathrm{FR}}_{2}}\)

FR 2

Gcal ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ or kg ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹

−0.49

0.02

<0.001

−12.3

0.30

<0.001

−1.4

0.11

<0.001

4.4

0.12

<0.001

\({\beta }_{{\mathrm{FR}}_{3}}\)

FR 3

Gcal ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ or kg ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹

1.7

0.03

<0.001

5.36

0.35

<0.001

14.5

0.14

<0.001

23.6

0.15

<0.001

\({\beta }_{{\mathrm{FR}}_{1{\rm{C}}}t}\)

Time:FR 1C

Gcal ha⁻¹ yr⁻² or kg ha⁻¹ yr⁻²

15.0

2.31

<0.001

282.0

32.4

<0.001

89.8

13.0

<0.001

−0.07

13.9

0.996

\({\beta }_{{\mathrm{FR}}_{1{\rm{C}}}{t}^{2}}\)

Time²:FR 1C

Gcal ha⁻¹ yr⁻³ or kg ha⁻¹ yr⁻³

−14.5

2.44

<0.001

−227.0

34.2

<0.001

−65.3

13.7

<0.001

−27.1

14.7

0.064

\({\beta }_{{\mathrm{FR}}_{2}t}\)

Time:FR 2

Gcal ha⁻¹ yr⁻² or kg ha⁻¹ yr⁻²

2.68

2.27

0.238

126.0

32.0

<0.001

−20.1

12.8

0.116

−67.8

13.7

<0.001

\({\beta }_{{\mathrm{FR}}_{2}{t}^{2}}\)

Time²:FR 2

Gcal ha⁻¹ yr⁻³ or kg ha⁻¹ yr⁻³

−0.31

2.40

0.897

16.1

33.7

0.634

−15.3

13.6

0.259

−22.3

14.4

0.121

\({\beta }_{{\mathrm{FR}}_{3}t}\)

Time:FR 3

Gcal ha⁻¹ yr⁻² or kg ha⁻¹ yr⁻²

16.8

2.69

<0.001

136.0

37.6

<0.001

125.0

15.3

<0.001

97.3

15.9

<0.001

\({\beta }_{{\mathrm{FR}}_{3}{t}^{2}}\)

Time²:FR 3

Gcal ha⁻¹ yr⁻³ or kg ha⁻¹ yr⁻³

−23.5

2.61

<0.001

−231.0

36.5

<0.001

−161.0

14.9

<0.001

−164.0

15.4

<0.001