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  • Review Article
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Climate change impacts on roadways

Nature Reviews Earth & Environment volume 6, pages 555–573 (2025)Cite this article

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Abstract

Roadways provide safe and efficient transport and are essential to the function of societies and economies. However, climate change increasingly pushes pavements beyond their engineering limits, leading to deterioration. In this Review, we explore the impacts of climate change on roadways and approaches to mitigate them. Roadways are vulnerable to changes in temperature, precipitation and sea level rise driven by climate change. High temperatures soften asphalt pavements, causing rutting, which is projected to increase by 2% per 1% increase in mean temperature. Increased moisture in the underlying soil caused by precipitation and sea level rise reduces the load-bearing capacity of roadways for months and in some cases halves their lifetime. Roadway closures due to extreme weather events or resulting reconstruction cause delays and detours; by 2100, high tide flooding in the USA is expected to cause delays of 3.4 billion vehicle-hours per year. Climate change is projected to increase national annual costs of pavement maintenance by over US$500 million on average by 2050, depending on the country. Adaptation strategies include adjusting the type of asphalt, reinforcing concrete with steel, stabilizing gravel roads and adding nature-based features. Rapid implementation of policies, guidance on evaluating adaptation alternatives and exploration of the combined impacts of multiple climate stressors are needed.

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Fig. 1: The effect of temperature on roadways.
Fig. 2: The effect of precipitation and moisture on roadways.
Fig. 3: The effect of sea level rise on roadways.
Fig. 4: Combined impacts of multiple climate stressors on asphalt pavements.
Fig. 5: The impact of climate change on pavement maintenance costs.
Fig. 6: Pavement adaptation strategies.
Fig. 7: The global impacts of climate change on roadways.

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Acknowledgements

We thank H. Li and W. Sun for the contribution of references and data.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, USA

    Jo E. Sias, Eshan V. Dave & Jennifer M. Jacobs

  2. Department of Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA

    B. Shane Underwood

  3. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA

    Benjamin F. Bowers

  4. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA

    John T. Harvey

  5. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand

    Theunis F. P. Henning

  6. Department of Civil Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada

    Susan L. Tighe

  7. Department of Hydraulic Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands

    Maria Pregnolato

  8. School of Mechanics and Civil Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, China

    Yaning Qiao

  9. National Centers for Environmental Information, National Environmental Satellite, Data and Information Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Norton, MA, USA

    Ellen Mecray

  10. Climate Central, Princeton, NJ, USA

    Ellen Mecray

  11. Reston, VA, USA

    Amir Golalipour

  12. Department of Construction Engineering and Management, School of Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile and CIGIDEN, Santiago, Chile

    Alondra Chamorro

  13. Southern African Bitumen Association, Cape Town, South Africa

    Philip Hendrick

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Contributions

J.E.S. provided overall coordination for the review. J.E.S., E.V.D., B.F.B., B.S.U., S.L.T., J.T.H., J.M.J., E.M. and A.G. developed the concept for the review. Initial draft writing was conducted by J.E.S., E.V.D., B.F.B., B.S.U., S.L.T., T.F.P.H., J.T.H. and J.M.J. All authors contributed data and reviewed the final manuscript.

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Correspondence to Jo E. Sias.

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Nature Reviews Earth & Environment thanks Sheldon Blaauw, Aditia Rojali, Cristina Torres-Machi and the other, anonymous, reviewers for their contribution to the peer review of this work.

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Related links

CalEnviroScreen: https://oehha.ca.gov/calenviroscreen

Climate data processing tools: https://fhwaapps.fhwa.dot.gov/cmip

Flood maps: https://www.fema.gov/flood-maps

Hazus: https://www.fema.gov/flood-maps/tools-resources/flood-map-products/hazus/

HERA: https://www.usgs.gov/apps/hera/

Interactive Atlas: https://interactive-atlas.ipcc.ch/atlas

Statista: https://www.statista.com/statistics/1246737/forecast-road-freight-activity/

The World Factbook: https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/about/archives/2022/field/roadways/country-comparison

US federal fuel tax: https://www.ncsl.org/transportation/variable-rate-gas-taxes

US National Highway Construction Cost Index: https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policy/otps/nhcci/

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Sias, J.E., Dave, E.V., Underwood, B.S. et al. Climate change impacts on roadways. Nat Rev Earth Environ 6, 555–573 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1038/s43017-025-00711-9

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