Fig. 1: Immune response to COVID-19 vaccination in patients with cancer.

Previous COVID-19 infection, as well as the presence of solid tumors, leads to a higher antibody response to vaccination than the presence of hematological malignancies. Within hematological malignancies, and particularly lymphoma, patients with indolent NHL tend to have a lower response than other lymphoma subtypes. Treatment-specific etiologies of decreased vaccine response include CAR-T therapy, stem-cell transplantation and anti-CD20 antibody therapy. This can be further broken down into drug-specific etiologies, as well as etiologies due to timing between therapy and vaccination. Abs, antibodies; BTKi, BTK inhibitor.