Fig. 5: SPO, XRD and SEM images.
From: Tracking the evolution of materials and interfaces in perovskite solar cells under an electric field

Comparisons of the SPOs for the PSCs tracking at the MPP before and after applying electric stress: a −1 V and b + 1 V. c XRD patterns for the samples cleaved from the full device with and without electric stress (0 V, −1 V, and +1 V for 12 h). d Top-view SEM images of the corresponding cleaved samples.