Fig. 3: Device engineering of perovskite-based tandem solar cells.
From: Next-generation applications for integrated perovskite solar cells
a Tandem cell structure highlighting the interconnection layer (ICL) design. b Simulated distribution of photon absorption in tandem cells using the transfer matrix method. a, b adapted with permission from ref. 18, Copyright 2020 Elsevier Inc. c Energy-level diagram of an inorganic perovskite/organic tandem solar cell (TSCs). c adapted with permission from ref. 10, Copyright 2021 American Chemical Society. d Schematic illustration of the trimethylammonium chloride (TACl) and IPA synergistically induced surface reconstruction (SR) processes. d adapted with permission from ref. 21, Copyright 2021 Wiley-VCH. e EQE spectra of a NiOx/PTAA tandem device measured for the individual subcells and the total reflection ® spectra depicted as 1-R. Perovskite, CIGSe, and 1-R spectra are denoted with red, blue, and gray lines and areas. Integrated photocurrents and reflection losses from the EQE and 1-R spectra values are also shown. e adapted with permission from ref. 30, Copyright 2019 American Chemical Society. f J–V curve of a monolithic CIGSe/perovskite-tandem solar cell (active area of 1.034 cm2), with MeO-2PACz2PACz as a hole-selective contact (HSC) that is used to conformally cover the rough CIGSe bottom cell. The orange circle indicates the MPP at a PCE of 23.3% PCE. Inset: SEM image of the cross-section of a representative tandem device. f adapted with permission from ref. 31, Copyright 2019 Royal Society of Chemistry. g Cross-sectional scanning electron micrograph of an all-perovskite tandem. g adapted with permission from ref. 35, Copyright 2019 Elsevier Inc. h J–V curves of the current champion all-perovskite-tandem solar cells (all-PTSCs) fabricated with a formamidine sulfinic acid additive scanned in the reverse and forward directions. i Continuous MPP tracking of encapsulated all-PTSCs over a period of 500 h under 1 Sun (100 mW cm−2) light illumination without an ultraviolet filter in ambient air with a humidity of 30–50%. (h, i) adapted with permission from ref. 36 Copyright 2020 Springer Nature. j, k SEM images of perovskite films prepared (j) without and (k) with 7% of a GuaSCN additive. j, k adapted with permission from ref. 37, Copyright 2019 American Association for the Advancement of Science.
