Fig. 1: Synergistic cooperativity of inhibitor pairs on suppressing bulk growth of COM crystals. | Communications Materials

Fig. 1: Synergistic cooperativity of inhibitor pairs on suppressing bulk growth of COM crystals.

From: Boosting inhibition performance of natural polyphenols for the prevention of calcium oxalate kidney stones through synergistic cooperativity

Fig. 1

a Molecular structures of step pinner and kink blockers (CA, EA, PGA), step pinner (GaA), and kink blocker (PrA). b (Top) SEM images of COM crystals grown in the absence of inhibitor and the presence of CA or binary combinations of CA with polyphenols. (Bottom) Schematical illustrations of binding specificity with inhibitors. c Variations in COM [001]/[010] aspect ratio with increasing concentrations of binary inhibitors at displayed ratios. Error bars are two standard errors from more than 100 individual measurements. Lines are guides for the eye. d Inhibition percentage of COM crystal growth as a function of the concentration of single or binary inhibitors (upper horizontal axis: EA). Lines are guides for the eye and error bars are two standard deviations from an average of 3–5 measurements. e Cooperative index (CI) of CA/polyphenol binary inhibitors on COM crystal growth kinetics. Bovine serum albumin, BSA, chondroitin sulfate A, C4S. CI = (R)1/(Rx)1 + (R)2/(Rx)2, (Rx)i is the concentration of a single inhibitor that inhibits crystal growth by x (inhibition percentage), and (R)i is the concentration of inhibitor i in binary inhibitor that has the identical inhibition percentage.

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