Fig. 5: Fast nucleation by interface energy engineering.
From: Manipulating the crystallization kinetics of halide perovskites for large-area solar modules
a Poly-4PACz was designed and synthesized to replace the Me-4PACz hole transport layer to improve wettability and increase interface energy. Reprinted with permission from ref. 36, copyright 2024 Elsevier. b The LP (zwitterionic surfactant) is used to increase the solution’s wettability and interface energy, thereby increasing the number of crystal nuclei to improve the compactness and uniformity of the film. Reprinted with permission from ref. 35, copyright 2019 Springer Nature.
