Fig. 1: Design and material composition of TMJ Implants.

a The implanted mandible with artificial cartilage. b Initial and modified designs of the TMJ implants and artificial cartilage. c The voxelized-FEA model with 10 additional layers of materials acting as artificial cartilage to ensure close-fitting contact between the articulating surfaces and prevent rigid body movements. d Various material property distributions within the artificial cartilage, including hard, hard-soft, and multiple FGM designs (e.g., ρ = 90% to ρ = 0%) (transverse cut view). e Experimental configuration (EXP-FEA) and (f) muscle force vectors and constraints used in physiological FEA (PHY-FEA).