Fig. 2: Reductive immobilization of toxic elements by embedded ZVI. | Communications Materials

Fig. 2: Reductive immobilization of toxic elements by embedded ZVI.

From: Reducing environmental burden of electroplating wastewater treatment by ternary cooperation of zero-valence iron, manganese, and graphitic biochar

Fig. 2

Removal capacities of engineered biochar and ZVI–based materials for electroplating wastewater with sole toxic elements (removed amount, a) or multiple toxic elements (remaining concentration, b); c, d Reduction of the toxic elements indicated by XPS and XANES analysis; e ZVI content in different engineered biochar and ZVI–based materials; f Electron efficiency of ZVI during the decontamination process; * electron efficiency of FMBCOH–120 might be higher than its actual value as parts of the toxic elements was not reduced; g STEM-EDX analysis of the spent engineered biochar; h Schematic diagram of reductive immobilization induced by the carbon-ZVI and uncovered ZVI. The error bar represents the Standard Deviation (SD) from triplicates.

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