Fig. 4: Vortices in PbTiO3 nanorods with surface tension: consistency of simulation methods.
From: Topological states in ferroelectric nanorods tuned by the surface tension
a Atomic-level simulations of the polar vortex phase v. b Atomic-level simulations of the deformed vortex (phase \({v}^{{\prime} }\)). c Phase-field modeling of the polar vortex phase v. d Phase-field modeling of the deformed vortex (phase \({v}^{{\prime} }\)). Upper colorbar corresponds to atomic-level results (a, b), lower colorbar to phase-field results (c, d). Note that atomic-level simulations underestimate the magnitude of the polarization yet match the features of polarization pattern.
