Fig. 5: EXAFS for coordination structure and coordination number analysis.

a, b Cu K-edge FT-EXAFS and WT-EXAFS spectra of p-Cu@m-SiO₂, porous-Cu, CuO, Cu₂O, and Cu-foil standard. c Fitting curves of FT-EXAFS spectra for p-Cu@m-SiO₂; Cu (orange), O (red), and Si (off-white)⁵⁶ (a–c reproduced with permission from ref. ⁵⁶. Copyright 2024, American Chemical Society). d Ex situ FT-EXAFS and WT-EXAFS at the Sb K-edge of the as-prepared and post-catalysis Sb₁Cu-5⁵⁷ (d reproduced with permission from ref. ⁵⁷. Copyright 2023, Spring Nature). e FT-EXAFS fitting results of Ni–N–C and NiPc. Inset shows the local coordination structure of Ni sites in Ni–N–C. f FT-EXAFS fitting results of Ni–N–C tested at various potentials. g Schematic illustration of the potential-induced structure changes of low-valence Ni sites in Ni–N–C⁵⁸ (e–g reproduced with permission from ref. ⁵⁸. Copyright 2023, Spring Nature).