Fig. 6: EXAFS for active sites and structure evolution analysis.

a Operando Cu K-edge WT-EXAFS spectra of N–Cu SAC at various applied potentials. b Operando Cu K-edge WT-EXAFS spectra of N–Cu SAC at various applied potentials for 150 min60 (a, b reproduced with permission from ref. 60. Copyright 2021, Spring Nature). c k2-weighted Pb L3-edge FT-EXAFS spectra along with the calculated PbSO4 and PbCO3 spectra as references63 (c reproduced with permission from ref. 63. Copyright 2024, Spring Nature).