Fig. 3: Comparison of reconstructed and modelled deep-water temperatures and ventilation.

Data from MD07-3076Q are compared with composites of simulations performed with the UVic and LOVECLIM Earth system models (experiments U-TrS and L-TrS from ref. ¹²), and atmospheric CO₂ change. a Atmospheric CO₂ (light blue filled circles and dashed line, and solid red line showing 3-point smoothing), compared with deep-water radiocarbon ventilation inferred from B-P radiocarbon age offsets³⁷. b Reconstructed oxygenation based on authigenic U/Mn ratios of foraminiferal coatings³⁷ (solid blue circles and line), compared with simulated Southern Ocean deep-water oxygenation (solid orange line), based on a composite of outputs over 55–10° W, 50–75° S and 3300–4000 m. c Reconstructed deep-water temperature based on benthic Mg/Ca (filled black circles, and b-spline solid line), compared with simulated Southern Ocean deep-water temperature (solid orange line). d Greenland δ¹⁸O_ice event stratigraphy compared with simulated maximum Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) stream-function (solid black line).