Fig. 4: The thermal- and oxygenation ‘fingerprint’ of enhanced Southern Ocean convection, based on numerical model simulations12.

a Impact of enhanced convection on deep-water oxygenation (3300–4000 m depth), based on the difference between composites of UVic and LOVECLIM simulations of HS4 with- (Tr–S) and without (Tr) enhanced Southern Ocean convection; b as for (a) but for deep-water temperature; c atmosphere to ocean heat flux (shading; negative values indicate increased heat flux out of the ocean), and mixed layer depth (MLD, contours) for composite of UVic and LOVECLIM simulations of HS4, without enhanced Southern Ocean convection; d as for (c), but for simulations with enhanced Southern Ocean convection.