Fig. 2: The 2019 European heatwaves.

a Maximum daily TX (°C) during summer 2019 according to the E-OBS dataset (shading), and areas where all-time records (since 1950) were broken (hatched areas, with grey darkness indicating the month of occurrence). b Total number of heatwave days (#, shading) and average Z500 anomaly (m, contours) for the June HW. Dots indicate regions where the heatwave duration was above the 90th percentile of the local distribution obtained from all summer heatwave events of 1948–2019 that affected western Europe (WEU, [43°–53° N, 0°–10° E]) according to our algorithm (see Methods). c Same as (b), for the July HW.