Fig. 4: Comparison between sea-level data discussed in this study and global mean sea level derived from ice models^51,52,53,54 and indirect sea level proxies^12,50.

The blue curve shows the GMSL prediction that is used in the GIA model and based on scaling the benthic oxygen isotope record by Lisiecki and Raymo (2005)⁵⁰ following the steps described in the methods. Age ranges for observations are 2σ, while elevation ranges are 1σ for Argentina and South Africa, and 16th–84th percentiles for Spain. Horizontal black lines and graphics on the right side of the graph show total sea level equivalent for ice-free Greenland (GrIS, solid line⁵⁵), melting of West Antarctic Ice Sheet (WAIS, dashed line⁵⁶) and marine sectors of the East Antarctic Ice Sheet (EAIS, dotted line⁵⁷). The upper red line shows GMSL in an ice-free Earth, estimated to 66 m by Miller et al.¹⁴.