Fig. 4: Annual variation in monsoon regions.

Annual variation in precipitation (shaded, unit: mm day−1) and zonal winds at 850 hPa (contours, unit: m s−1) in a 20°W–20°E, b 50°E–70°E, and c 110°E–140°E at the present (0 K). d–f The EOF1 of precipitation (shaded) and the 850-hPa zonal winds (contours) in 11 ka BP (11 K)–1 ka after present (1Kap); the percentage of total variance explained by EOF is also provided. g–i Same as d–f except for 4–0 ka BP. j–l The corresponding PC1 of precipitation (black and gray) and the 850-hPa zonal winds (red and orange).