Fig. 1: Study area off Totten Ice Shelf, East Antarctica.

a The latest bed topography over the Antarctic Continent from the BedMachine Antarctica v13. The hatched region is our study area off Totten Ice Shelf (TIS) on the Sabrina Coast, East Antarctica. b Bathymetry map of our study area based on the International Bathymetric Chart of the Southern Ocean (IBCSO)33, where the domain is indicated by the hatched region in (a). Yellow circles represent the positions of comprehensive and closely spaced conductivity–temperature–depth (CTD) stations by R/V Kaiyo-Maru. c Detailed bathymetry map from shelf break to continental slope regions, where the domain is indicated by the enclosed region in (b). In addition to the Kaiyo-Maru CTD stations (yellow circles), the positions of CTD stations by RVIB NB Palmer in 201516 are also shown as white inverted triangles.