Fig. 6: Relation between observed dissipation rate and potential vorticity and Richardson number.

a Average dissipation rates as a function of potential vorticity (PV2D) and Thomas angle34 Φ. b Average dissipation rates as a function of potential vorticity (PV2D) and ADCP Richardson number. (c) Average dissipation rate as a function of potential vorticity (10–8 m–1 s–1) and d ADCP Richardson number. Error bar shows 95% confidence interval obtained by the bootstrap method. The average is not shown for the data with only one sample in (c, d).