Fig. 4: Temperature anomaly (based on simulated potential seawater temperature, MPIOM variable THO) between the PlioMIP2 Pliocene background state of COSMOS and the simulation with added Newtonian salinity restoring mimicking the Mediterranean Overflow Water (MOW).

a Intrusion along a meridional transect (30°–55°N; 20°W) and (b) zonal cross-section (10°–45°W; 40°N) of the North Atlantic. Locations of referenced data sets from Sites U1313 and DSDP548 are indicated.