Fig. 2: Physiographic changes and regional species dispersal.

a Physiographic changes for each landscape evolution simulation from scenarios 1–5 (basin reorganisations, drainage captures, flooding and disconnections between main landmasses). b Estimated divergence through time (coloured rectangle: left and right sides are the min and max divergence time, and the middle line is the mean) for different terrestrial organisms (carnivores^62,63,64,65, passerines^3,66,67, barbets⁶⁸, perissodactyls⁶⁹ and plants⁷⁰). Estimated divergence time for piciforms⁶ and rodents^16,71 without confidence intervals are in red and blue, respectively. c Estimated time of divergence and confidence interval for songbird species²¹. d Age estimates of population split within vertebrate species⁶ between Borneo, Sumatra and the Malay Peninsula. Main divergence times presented in b are extracted from Table 1 in¹⁸.