Fig. 1: Bathymetric map of the Amundsen Sea Embayment78.

a The present day active currents and water masses are shown schematically: AABW = Antarctic Bottomwater (purple double arrow)79, SBACC = Southern Boundary of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (yellow dotted)60, ASF = Antarctic Slope Front (dashed light blue arrow) and CDW = Circumpolar Deepwater (red arrow)3,4,80,81. The orange box shows the area enlarged in (b). There, the locations of seabed drill Sites PS104_20-2 and PS104_21-3 (magenta diamonds) and seismic profiles (black lines, yellow lines displayed in Figs. 2 and 5) are shown. AT = Abbot Trough, DGT = Dotson-Getz Trough, MR = Maud Rise, PIG = Pine Island Glacier, PIT = Pine Island Trough, PITE = Pine Island Trough East, PITW = Pine Island Trough West, RS = Ross Sea, TG = Thwaites Glacier, TI = Thurston Island, WAIS = West Antarctic Ice Sheet, WL = Wilkes Land.