Fig. 4: Global patterns of local temperature change and climate forcings through vegetation physiological response to 4 × CO₂.

Spatial distribution of annual mean temperature change from multi-model ensemble induced by (a). direct CO₂ physiological forcing (PHY_dir) in response to a 4 × CO₂ rise since pre-industrial level. The spatial patterns of the individual climate forcing contributing to PHY_dir of panel (a) are as follows. In (b). albedo (α), c Aerodynamic resistance (r_a), d Evapotranspiration (ET), e Downwelling shortwave radiation (SW) and (f). near-surface air emissivity (ɛ_a). In all panels, estimates use the mean of the final 20 years of the simulations (atmospheric CO₂ at ~1032 ppm).