Fig. 5: Effects of vegetation structure on CO2 physiological forcing in response to 4 × CO2.

a Variations of local temperature change induced by total (PHYall) and direct (PHYdir) CO2 physiological forcing, for quadrupled CO2 and presented as a function of baseline pre-industrial leaf area index (LAI). b Variations of the ratio of PHYall- and PHYdir-induced temperature change relative to that of RAD warming, again for 4 × CO2 and as a function of baseline LAI. In both panels, the temperature changes along LAI gradients are smoothed using a five-bin running window for the 0.1 increments in LAI bin size. The shaded areas indicate the standard error among different models.