Table 1 Probit regression: estimated marginal effects at the mean distance to water bodies on the probability to be income poor (living below the national poverty line).

From: Proximity to small-scale inland and coastal fisheries is associated with improved income and food security

Variables

All countries

Malawi

Tanzania

Uganda

 

National

Rural

National

Rural

National

Rural

National

Rural

Distance to nearest water body (km)

0.00136***

0.00136***

0.00077***

0.00061***

0.00060***

0.00008***

0.00164***

0.00214***

 

(0.00000)

(0.00001)

(0.00001)

(0.00002)

(0.00001)

(0.00001)

(0.00001)

(0.00001)

Distance to nearest water body (km) of households unable to reach food markets

0.00310***

0.00343***

0.00931***

0.01075***

−0.00494***

−0.00419***

0.00154***

0.00163***

 

(0.00002)

(0.00003)

(0.00019)

(0.00021)

(0.00013)

(0.00013)

(0.00002)

(0.00002)

Distance to nearest agricultural market (km)

  

−0.00000

−0.00294***

  

−0.00007***

−0.00075***

   

(0.00002)

(0.00003)

  

(0.00001)

(0.00001)

Neither fishing nor agriculture HHs, close to water bodies

0.13008***

0.19429***

0.14556***

0.02641***

0.03553***

0.02682***

0.20714***

0.33079***

 

(0.00075)

(0.00116)

(0.00295)

(0.00326)

(0.00093)

(0.00171)

(0.00155)

(0.00239)

Fishing HHs, close to water bodies

0.05244***

0.06937***

0.02854***

−0.01141*

0.00896***

0.08416***

0.03679***

0.04943***

 

(0.00128)

(0.00149)

(0.00548)

(0.00609)

(0.00159)

(0.00177)

(0.00246)

(0.00292)

Agriculture HHs, close to water bodies

0.05363***

0.04467***

−0.07513***

−0.08115***

0.02897***

0.02980***

0.08171***

0.10409***

 

(0.00043)

(0.00050)

(0.00103)

(0.00116)

(0.00062)

(0.00073)

(0.00076)

(0.00092)

Households unable to reach food markets

−0.08354***

−0.07506***

−0.29404***

−0.37178***

0.45665***

0.24855***

0.02345***

0.04840***

 

(0.00098)

(0.00123)

(0.00453)

(0.00552)

(0.00411)

(0.00438)

(0.00086)

(0.00110)

Fishing households

0.15921***

0.06537***

0.06462***

−0.08396***

0.21707***

0.12305***

0.05066***

0.09241***

 

(0.00086)

(0.00109)

(0.00197)

(0.00251)

(0.00115)

(0.00153)

(0.00187)

(0.00243)

Agriculture households

0.24929***

0.17300***

0.18251***

0.00937***

0.35963***

0.27708***

0.05557***

0.05965***

 

(0.00030)

(0.00058)

(0.00082)

(0.00139)

(0.00042)

(0.00093)

(0.00050)

(0.00074)

Household consumed fish (past 7 days)

−0.08574***

−0.07206***

−0.24685***

−0.22931***

−0.12523***

−0.07070***

−0.04466***

−0.05201***

 

(0.00027)

(0.00032)

(0.00065)

(0.00066)

(0.00040)

(0.00045)

(0.00036)

(0.00046)

Household size

0.03653***

0.03951***

0.11973***

0.13133***

0.05730***

0.07213***

0.01881***

0.02654***

 

(0.00005)

(0.00006)

(0.00019)

(0.00021)

(0.00008)

(0.00010)

(0.00006)

(0.00008)

Ratio employed household member over not employed

−0.13830***

−0.14823***

−0.04342***

−0.06581***

−0.21565***

−0.18829***

−0.10651***

−0.08681***

 

(0.00044)

(0.00054)

(0.00100)

(0.00108)

(0.00065)

(0.00078)

(0.00070)

(0.00089)

Age of the household head

−0.00008*

0.00172***

−0.00723***

−0.00515***

−0.00380***

0.00275***

−0.00092***

−0.00193***

 

(0.00004)

(0.00005)

(0.00010)

(0.00011)

(0.00007)

(0.00008)

(0.00007)

(0.00008)

Age of the household head, quadratic

−0.00001***

−0.00003***

0.00006***

0.00004***

0.00001***

−0.00006***

0.00001***

0.00003***

 

(0.00000)

(0.00000)

(0.00000)

(0.00000)

(0.00000)

(0.00000)

(0.00000)

(0.00000)

Sex of the head of the household

−0.04366***

−0.05376***

−0.05509***

−0.06445***

−0.08875***

−0.09490***

0.04974***

0.03340***

 

(0.00028)

(0.00034)

(0.00067)

(0.00072)

(0.00041)

(0.00048)

(0.00036)

(0.00049)

Education of the head of the household - Primary

−0.07831***

−0.06867***

−0.15394***

−0.14060***

−0.20624***

−0.15392***

−0.01452***

−0.00136**

 

(0.00030)

(0.00035)

(0.00072)

(0.00084)

(0.00044)

(0.00048)

(0.00047)

(0.00056)

Education of the head of the household - Secondary

−0.31264***

−0.32828***

−0.32729***

−0.31063***

−0.44218***

−0.35090***

−0.09635***

−0.07422***

 

(0.00034)

(0.00048)

(0.00090)

(0.00138)

(0.00052)

(0.00085)

(0.00056)

(0.00075)

Wealth index

−0.00035***

0.00060***

−0.07794***

−0.07426***

 

−0.00507***

−0.11681***

−0.14009***

 

(0.00000)

(0.00000)

(0.00018)

(0.00020)

 

(0.00001)

(0.00022)

(0.00030)

Baseline: average probability to be poor (*100)

0.384

0.478

0.446

0.517

0.443

0.593

0.212

0.239

Distance to nearest water bodies, in km.

33.1

36.0

37.0

37.1

33.8

38.0

28.5

31.2

Observations

18,610

14,275

12,444

10,174

3344

1978

2817

2123

Country/district FE

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

r2

0.1734

0.122

0.2539

0.2118

0.2343

0.2077

0.1815

0.1639

  1. Standard errors in parentheses ***p < 0.01, **p < 0.05, *p < 0.1.