Table 2 Probit regression: estimated marginal effects at the mean distance to water bodies on the probability to be food insecure poor (households with poor food consumption score).
Variables | All countries | Malawi | Tanzania | Uganda | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
National | Rural | National | Rural | National | Rural | National | Rural | |
Distance to nearest water body (km) | 0.00032*** | 0.00074*** | 0.00012*** | 0.00043*** | 0.00046*** | 0.00054*** | 0.00045*** | 0.00061*** |
(0.00000) | (0.00000) | (0.00001) | (0.00001) | (0.00000) | (0.00001) | (0.00001) | (0.00001) | |
Distance to nearest water body (km) of households unable to reach food markets | 0.00229*** | 0.00248*** | 0.00802*** | 0.00737*** | −0.00002 | −0.00034*** | 0.00179*** | 0.00152*** |
(0.00002) | (0.00002) | (0.00018) | (0.00018) | (0.00011) | (0.00011) | (0.00001) | (0.00002) | |
Distance to nearest agricultural market (km) | 0.00231*** | −0.00023*** | 0.00025*** | −0.00002** | ||||
(0.00002) | (0.00002) | (0.00001) | (0.00001) | |||||
Neither fishing nor agriculture HHs, close to water bodies | 0.02227*** | −0.00054 | 0.14017*** | 0.01334*** | −0.00379*** | −0.10137*** | −0.02204*** | 0.02721*** |
(0.00058) | (0.00113) | (0.00241) | (0.00287) | (0.00061) | (0.00110) | (0.00072) | (0.00136) | |
Fishing HHs, close to water bodies | 0.00361*** | 0.09029*** | −0.12426*** | −0.21099*** | −0.09952*** | −0.07870*** | 0.16763*** | 0.19475*** |
(0.00136) | (0.00182) | (0.00528) | (0.00593) | (0.00123) | (0.00187) | (0.00388) | (0.00405) | |
Agriculture HHs, close to water bodies | −0.04130*** | −0.06489*** | −0.01278*** | −0.02707*** | −0.05838*** | −0.09652*** | −0.01754*** | −0.01172*** |
(0.00033) | (0.00040) | (0.00098) | (0.00099) | (0.00041) | (0.00047) | (0.00061) | (0.00065) | |
Households unable to reach food markets | −0.07961*** | −0.09077*** | −0.29026*** | −0.29660*** | −0.09543*** | −0.12966*** | −0.03239*** | −0.02402*** |
(0.00075) | (0.00096) | (0.00662) | (0.00770) | (0.00349) | (0.00303) | (0.00062) | (0.00072) | |
Fishing households | −0.05019*** | −0.09841*** | 0.06895*** | −0.02215*** | −0.05397*** | −0.06445*** | −0.06684*** | −0.07005*** |
(0.00071) | (0.00096) | (0.00208) | (0.00234) | (0.00069) | (0.00091) | (0.00208) | (0.00232) | |
Agriculture households | 0.04790*** | 0.00657*** | 0.18420*** | 0.04203*** | 0.07826*** | 0.07137*** | −0.07963*** | −0.09065*** |
(0.00029) | (0.00054) | (0.00085) | (0.00126) | (0.00034) | (0.00061) | (0.00056) | (0.00080) | |
Household consumed fish (past 7 days) | −0.21989*** | −0.20811*** | −0.26947*** | −0.23625*** | −0.20531*** | −0.17268*** | −0.15220*** | −0.13672*** |
(0.00025) | (0.00030) | (0.00059) | (0.00057) | (0.00031) | (0.00038) | (0.00029) | (0.00033) | |
Household size | −0.01647*** | −0.01794*** | 0.00150*** | 0.00285*** | −0.01905*** | −0.01719*** | −0.00186*** | 0.00009 |
(0.00004) | (0.00005) | (0.00017) | (0.00017) | (0.00006) | (0.00007) | (0.00005) | (0.00006) | |
Ratio employed household member over not employed | −0.04300*** | −0.05893*** | 0.00624*** | −0.01713*** | −0.10211*** | −0.13422*** | 0.10247*** | 0.06795*** |
(0.00037) | (0.00048) | (0.00097) | (0.00098) | (0.00044) | (0.00059) | (0.00060) | (0.00069) | |
Age of the household head | 0.00029*** | 0.00261*** | −0.00727*** | −0.00567*** | 0.00354*** | 0.00980*** | −0.00688*** | −0.00627*** |
(0.00004) | (0.00005) | (0.00010) | (0.00011) | (0.00005) | (0.00006) | (0.00006) | (0.00007) | |
Age of the household head, quadratic | 0.00001*** | −0.00001*** | 0.00008*** | 0.00006*** | −0.00003*** | −0.00008*** | 0.00008*** | 0.00007*** |
(0.00000) | (0.00000) | (0.00000) | (0.00000) | (0.00000) | (0.00000) | (0.00000) | (0.00000) | |
Sex of the head of the household | −0.03137*** | −0.02588*** | −0.01656*** | −0.01281*** | −0.04320*** | −0.02924*** | 0.01471*** | 0.00775*** |
(0.00024) | (0.00031) | (0.00065) | (0.00066) | (0.00030) | (0.00039) | (0.00034) | (0.00040) | |
Education of the head of the household - Primary | −0.07653*** | −0.07210*** | −0.13617*** | −0.11926*** | −0.08226*** | −0.06743*** | 0.00678*** | 0.00634*** |
(0.00027) | (0.00033) | (0.00072) | (0.00079) | (0.00035) | (0.00041) | (0.00038) | (0.00042) | |
Education of the head of the household - Secondary | −0.15468*** | −0.17613*** | −0.30062*** | −0.25736*** | −0.15730*** | −0.13054*** | 0.02853*** | 0.01761*** |
(0.00033) | (0.00045) | (0.00103) | (0.00144) | (0.00041) | (0.00063) | (0.00056) | (0.00068) | |
Wealth index | −0.00196*** | −0.00303*** | −0.05855*** | −0.05456*** | −0.00345*** | −0.07674*** | −0.10310*** | |
(0.00000) | (0.00001) | (0.00016) | (0.00017) | (0.00001) | (0.00019) | (0.00026) | ||
Baseline: average probability to be food insecure | 0.270 | 0.315 | 0.549 | 0.633 | 0.210 | 0.248 | 0.174 | 0.177 |
Average distance to water bodies, in km. | 33.1 | 36.0 | 37.0 | 37.1 | 33.8 | 38.0 | 28.5 | 31.2 |
Observations | 18,623 | 14,283 | 12,444 | 10,174 | 3,344 | 1,971 | 2,822 | 2,125 |
Country/district FE | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
r2 | 0.1872 | 0.202 | 0.1829 | 0.1155 | 0.1188 | 0.1449 | 0.1781 | 0.1823 |
