Fig. 1: The H2O (water) profile and evolutions after the Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha’apai eruption.

a The zonal average H2O anomaly profiles between 30°S–0° on February 10, March 1, and April 1, 2022. The solid lines are simulations and the dashed lines are the MLS observations. The simulation and MLS anomaly curves are calculated using February, March, and April profiles minus the profile on January 5. b Simulated stratospheric H2O anomaly evolution in the first week. It is calculated using a case with H2O injection minus a case without H2O injection. The blue line is the ice, the orange line is the water vapor, and the black line is the total water. The green dashed lines indicate the water injection period.