Table 2 Modelled quantification, qualitative consideration, or speculative consideration of Carbon Dioxide Removal (CDR) methods contained in long-term national climate strategies.

Country	Sink Status		Quantification or consideration of CDR in 2050 (values in MtCO₂)
	Historic	Future	Nature-based CDR				CCUS	Engineered-CDR
	Historic	Future	Forests	Soils	Coastal Blue Carbon	Undefined	CCUS	BECCS	DACCS	Undefined
China	-	-	✓	✓	✓		✓
USA	↓	↓	✓	✓	✓	1000	✓	✓	✓	500
Japan	↓	-	✓	✓	─		✓	─	─
Indonesia	↑	↓	390	160	─		✓	✓
Germany	↓	-	✓	✓			✓
Canada	-	-	✓	✓			23	─
Mexico	↓	-	✓	✓			✓
South Korea	↓	-	15		✓		✓
Australia	↓	-	10	17	─		✓	38	─
South Africa	↓	-	✓	✓	─		✓
UK	↑	↑	✓	✓	✓		6	58	18
France	↓	↓	56	11			6	10	─
Thailand	↓	↓	✓			120	✓	✓
Nigeria	↑	-	✓	✓
Ukraine	↓	↓	50	✓			✓
Netherlands	-	-	✓	✓			✓	─
Czech Republic	↓	-	✓	✓
Austria	↓	↓	3.9	✓			18
New Zealand	↓	-	✓
Norway	-	-	✓				✓	─
Finland	-	-	22				✓	14
Singapore	-	-	✓		✓		✓
Sweden	↓	↓	✓	✓	✓	42	✓	✓
Hungary	↓	↓	4.5	✓			✓	✓	─
Portugal	↓	↓	15	0.69			─	─
Nepal	↑	↓	✓	✓		9.2	✓
Switzerland	-	-	✓	✓			5.1	1.9	4.9
Slovakia	↓	↓	✓	✓		7	✓
Denmark	↑	↑	✓	✓			✓	─
Cambodia	↑	↓	50				✓
Estonia	-	-	✓	✓
Slovenia	↑	↓	✓	✓		2.5	✓
Costa Rica	↓	↓	5.5		✓
Latvia	↓	↑	✓	✓			─
North Macedonia	↓	↓	✓	✓		3.8
Iceland	↓	↓	✓	✓	─		✓
Fiji	↑	↓	2.9		0.94
Malta	-	-	─	─			─
Tonga	↑	-	✓		✓
Marshall Islands	-	-
Andorra	↓	↓	✓	─		0.15

‘BECCS’ refers to biomass energy with carbon capture and storage. ‘DACCS’ refers to direct air carbon capture and storage. ‘CCUS’ refers to carbon capture utilisation and/or storage. Countries listed in order of 2019 GHG emissions. ‘Sink Status’ is the net balance of the land-use carbon sink historically (i.e., the latest available historic year of the national emission inventory) and in modelled scenarios (i.e., 2050) presented within the strategies. ↓ is a net sink, ↑ a net source, - no information. ✓ indicates qualitative consideration of the CDR method (i.e., existing, or planned policy mechanisms). – indicates speculative consideration of the CDR method (i.e., noting potential use of the method in the future). Values were taken from the scenario that best reflects the national position. This could be the scenario that is modelled to achieve the long-term target of the strategy, or the scenario that is explicitly expressed within the strategy as the national government’s policy position or preferred scenario. Not shown, the USA and UK speculatively consider the use of enhanced weathering. Full details are provided in Supplementary Data 3 in Supplementary Data.

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