Fig. 4: Spatial Changes in the population-based Tropical Cyclone Precipitation Exposure Index (TCPEI), comparison of population and area for different ranges of TCPEI, relative changes in TCP probabilities, and relative changes in population and Gross Domestic Product (GDP).

Each panel represents: a >100 mm daily TCPEI in the early period, b >100 mm daily TCPEI in the late period, c population comparison between the early period and the late period for different ranges of >100 mm daily TCPEI, d comparison of the impacted area between the early period and the late period for different ranges of >100 mm daily TCPEI, e >200 mm daily TCPEI in the early period, f >200 mm daily TCPEI in the late period, g population comparison between the early period and the late period for different ranges of >200 mm daily TCPEI, h the comparison of the impacted area between the early period and the late period for different ranges >200 mm daily TCPEI, i relative changes in >100 mm daily TCP probability, j relative changes in >200 mm daily TCP probability, k relative changes in the logarithm of the population, l relative changes in the logarithm of GDP. The 1970 Population and the 1949–1998 TCP are used to calculate the early period TCPEI. The 2020 population and 1969–2018 TCP are used to calculate the late period TCPEI. In panels c, d, g, h, “m” stands for million and “k” stands for thousands.