Fig. 4: Time series of AMOC and MHT in the South Atlantic.

Monthly values of AMOC upper cell transport (black solid curves) and MHT (red curves, when available) time series from mooring observing arrays: a TRACOS in the Tropical Atlantic^98,115 at 11°S from July 2013 to February 2018, b SAMBA in the Subtropical South Atlantic^55,97 at 34.5°S from September 2013 to July 2017. The AMOC abyssal-cell transport below 3000 m at 34.5°S is also shown⁹⁷ (black dashed curve). c Monthly AMOC upper cell transport and MHT time series constructed from blended products based on combinations of in situ hydrographic profiles and satellite altimetry⁵⁷ at two selected latitudes in the South Atlantic (20°S and 34.5°S) during 1993–2020. The correlation values between AMOC and MHT (r_AMOC,MHT) time series are included when available. d, e Temporal mean (circles) ± one standard deviation (horizontal error bars) of the available monthly AMOC and MHT full-length records, respectively, from moorings^55,97,98,115 (black) and blended in situ altimetry products⁵⁷ (blue), and from the AX18 XBT quarterly repeated transect⁵⁷ during 2002–2019 (dark green), as a function of latitude. Positive values indicate northward transport, and negative values indicate southward transport. AMOC Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation, MHT Meridional Heat Transport.