Fig. 2: Reconstructed and simulated East-Southeast Asian hydroclimate conditions and comparison with precession and benthic foraminiferal δ¹⁸O records (left), as well as their corresponding spectral analysis results (right).

a Precession⁸⁷. b Chinese stalagmite δ¹⁸O record⁴⁴. c Rainfall_K/Al record at IODP Site U1429 indicates the rainfall in northern China (this study). d Simulated rainfall in northern China (this study, box NC in Fig. 1b). e The δ¹⁸O_sw record obtained at IODP Site U1429¹¹, the rainfall δ²H record at ODP Site 1146¹² (marked by circles), and the SSS record of core 251PC in the eastern South China Sea⁵³ (marked by rectangles). All of them indicate the rainfall in southern China and the South China Sea. f Simulated rainfall in southern China (this study, box SC in Fig. 1b). g δ¹³C_wax record MD98-2152 from southern Sumatra¹⁷ indicate the rainfall in the western regions of Southeast Asia. h Simulated Southeast Asian rainfall (this study, box SEA in Fig. 1b). i LR04 stacked benthic δ¹⁸O curve⁷². Spectral analysis has been performed with PAST software;⁸⁸ the window function is rectangle. The gray vertical bars mark the timing of glacial terminations and orbital periodicities, as shown in the left and right panels, respectively.