Fig. 2: Asymmetric changes in GPP losses attributed to hydroclimatic extremes between northern midlatitude and pantropical ecosystems.

a Percentage of GPP losses attributed to each dominant extreme hydroclimatic driver relative to total GPP losses in northern midlatitudes (23.5-65°N). Dominant extreme hydroclimatic drivers are drought-heat extremes (DH), drought-cold extremes (DC), drought (D), and heat extremes (H). c Trends of GPP losses associated with dominant drivers in northern midlatitudes. e Trends of GPP losses associated with dominant drivers (x-axis) against that of total GPP losses (y-axis) for each dataset. b, d, f The same as (a, c, d) but for pantropics (23.5°S-23.5°N). In (a, b), blue lines within the bar indicate the 0.05 significant level. In (c, d), positive trends indicate an increase in GPP loss, and vice versa for negative trends; the * indicates that the ensemble Z-values of Mann-Kendall are at the 0.05 significant level. In (e) and (f), the shaded areas indicate one standard deviation and the blue lines are the fitting curves according to the trends of GPP losses associated with dominant drivers (Trend_DD) and trends of total GPP losses. The presented error bars in (a–d) indicate one standard deviation between GPP datasets. The pink shading in (e, f) indicate the 95% confidence range for the fitted linear model. The results are based on GPP products and extreme indices with removed linear trend, 5-year moving windows as well as GLEAM soil moisture.