Table 1 Albedo α and net ecosystem productivity NEP of land cover types and species during the snow-free growing season (NEP > 0, index act) with standard errors for those groups including more than one site, and deviations from it (∆) during snow-free dormancy (NEP ≥ 0, index dorm) and snow or hoar-frost -affected periods (index snow, see methods for details).

From: Joint optimization of land carbon uptake and albedo can help achieve moderate instantaneous and long-term cooling effects

	α_act	NEP_act (gC m⁻² month⁻¹)	∆α_dorm	∆NEP_dorm (gC m⁻² month⁻¹)	∆α_snow	∆NEP_snow (gC m⁻² month⁻¹)
CRO (cropland)	0.20 ± 0.004	116 ± 11	−0.02	−159	+0.30	−135
CSH (closed shrubland)	0.11 ± 0.004	29 ± 10	−0.01	−49	+0.02	−24
DBF (deciduous broadleaf forest)	0.15 ± 0.004	101 ± 8	−0.02	−144	+0.08	−118
Brachystegia spiciformis	0.13	12	+0.02	−45
Fagus sylvatica	0.15 ± 0.013	126 ± 14	−0.02	−169
Populus tremuloides	0.15	99	−0.00	−137	+0.07	−115
Quercus cerris	0.15	154	−0.05	−187	−0.00	−144
Mix	0.15 ± 0.006	105 ± 14	−0.02	−146	+0.05	−118
EBF (evergreen broadleaf forest)	0.11 ± 0.002	62 ± 11	−0.01	−56	+0.03	−6
Eucalyptus microcarpa	0.12	38
Eucalyptus regnans	0.10	151			+0.02	+5
Quercus ilex	0.12	32	+0.01	−53	+0.03	−19
Mix	0.11 ± 0.003	49 ± 14	−0.00	−54	+0.03	−3
ENF (evergreen needleleaf forest)	0.10 ± 0.004	53 ± 5	+0.01	−71	+0.10	−56
Picea abies	0.07 ± 0.003	70 ± 9	+0.01	−98	+0.09	−77
Picea mariana	0.08 ± 0.004	40 ± 5	+0.01	−55	+0.07	−50
Pinus halepensis	0.13	33	−0.00	−46
Pinus pinaster	0.10 ± 0.006	59 ± 4	+0.00	−81	+0.02	−44
Pinus pinea	0.12	52	+0.01	−87	+0.04	−43
Pinus sylvestris	0.11 ± 0.014	56 ± 0	+0.02	−75	+0.14	−73
Mix	0.09 ± 0.006	64 ± 20	+0.00	−72	+0.06	−60
GRA (grassland)	0.19 ± 0.004	45 ± 4	−0.00	−70	+0.27	−57
MF (mixed forest)	0.12 ± 0.013	67 ± 13	−0.01	−95	+0.04	−92
OSH (open shrubland)	0.16 ± 0.018	29 ± 7	+0.00	−45	+0.24	−35
SAV (savanna)	0.17 ± 0.021	23 ± 3	+0.00	−40
SNO (snow)	0.22 ± 0.043	23 ± 10	−0.02	−34	+0.51	−29
WET (wetland)	0.14 ± 0.011	45 ± 7	−0.01	−73	+0.36	−45
Carex acuta*	0.19	57	−0.01	−87
Salix cinerea*	0.17	64	−0.01	−106
WSA (woody savanna)	0.14 ± 0.007	31 ± 7	+0.00	−44	+0.05	−20
Olea europaea*	0.18	20	−0.00	−38
Prosopis velutina*	0.16	14	+0.00	−26	+0.02	−21
Mix	0.14	63
All broad-leaved forests	0.14 ± 0.004	89 ± 7	−0.02	−131	+0.07	−94
All deciduous-leaved forests	0.15 ± 0.004	101 ± 8	−0.02	−144	+0.08	−118
All evergreen-leaved forests	0.10 ± 0.003	55 ± 4	+0.01	−70	+0.10	−52
All needle-leaved forests	0.10 ± 0.004	53 ± 5	+0.01	−71	+0.10	−56

For all types where available plant species information indicated dominance of a single species at one or more sites, species-dominated values are contrasted to those of all mixed-species sites of the same type (*species marked with asterisk nevertheless do not cover the surface in a way allowing attribution of α to that species).

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