Fig. 5: Global anomalies for natural methane emissions.

In a global anomalies for net methane emissions (wetland emissions, fluxes from non-inundated areas and soil sink) and in b global anomalies for wetland emissions from 1990 to 2019. Total global emissions for the baseline period (2000–2007) are indicated in the legend. The El Nino-Southern Oscillation phases are indicated with El Nino (red) and La Nina (blue) from the Oceanic Niño Index (NOAA. https://www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/data/indices/oni.ascii.txt (2023)) with threshold of +0.5 deg for El Nino and −0.5 for La Nina where tick marks on x-axis indicate mid-year. In a annual emission anomalies from the CLM using three different meteorology datasets to drive the model are shown. Pink shading indicates the range of anomalies from simulations varying two parameters in the biogeochemical model using the CRUJRA meteorology. In b the main CLM results are compared to CLM wetland fluxes combined with WAD2M (red diamond) and SWAMPS-GLDW (blue diamond) datasets for wetland distribution, and compared to the VISIT model results¹⁶ and LPJ-wsl model results²¹. The stabilization period from 2000 to 2007 is indicated by grey shadings.