Table 2 Projections of the GHG industry chain emissions intensity (g CO2e kWh−1) under multi-manufacturing-installation scenarios in 2030.

From: Deploying solar photovoltaic energy first in carbon-intensive regions brings gigatons more carbon mitigations to 2060

Manufacture scenarios

Installation scenarios

C1

C2

C3

M1

China

7.5−15.1

8.2−16.4

7.7−15.4

M2

India

9.1−18.2

9.9−19.8

8.1−16.2

Korea

10.4–20.7

9.4−18.7

8.9–17.9

Malaysia

12.1–24.2

10.9–21.7

8.6–17.1

Philippines

12.6–25.1

11.6–23.2

8.7–17.4

Vietnam

8.3–16.6

9.1–18.2

8.7–17.5

M3

Canada

5.4–10.7

5–10

5.4–10.7

United States

6.6–13.1

6.6–13.2

7.2–14.4

Italy

5.6–11.2

5.3–10.5

5.6–11.2

France

4–8

3.9−7.9

4–8

Spain

4.8–9.6

4.8–9.6

5−10.1

  1. (The ranges represent the emissions variation when utilization hours of solar PV varying from 1000 to 2000 h).
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