Fig. 1: Observed Tx5d trends.

a, b Spatial distribution of trends in the intensity of Tx5d in CPC and ERA5 reanalysis in the MUS and in WEU during 1979–2021. The hatching indicates statistically insignificant trends at a 10% significance level. c, d Same as panels a, b but show Tx5d trends relative to changes in global-mean surface temperature. The trends and their statistical significance are calculated using Theil-Sen’s slope estimator.